He had a legal reason to pull you up. >> Of course he did. But why 15 minutes does he want to say I'm drunk and say I'm intoxicated and say my eyes are glossy? Everyone's eyes are glossy. It's freezing. My eyes are watering. His eyes are glossy. Tell me about my glossy eyes. Your eyes are glossy, too. You've been drinking. How many drinks have you had tonight? >> What uh dealer are you? >> How many drinks have you had tonight? >> What dealer do you want? >> How many drinks have you had tonight? >> What dealer? >> How many drinks have you had tonight? Your eyes are glossy. >> Okay. What dealer? >> I don't trust you. I don't believe you. Get your supervisor. I think you could drink. Have you had anything to drink tonight, sir? >> No. >> Any drugs, alcohol, anything? >> No. >> Your eyes look glossy. Just want to make sure. >> Watch how a simple tail light stop turns into a full-blown DUI fishing expedition when this officer keeps asking the same question after getting the same answer. The driver says he hasn't been drinking, but the officer keeps pointing to his glossy eyes, pushes for an eye test, then starts looking for sobriety testing in the freezing cold. What makes this encounter stand out is how quickly the driver flips the script. Instead of accepting the accusation, he keeps asking the officer what actual evidence he has that he's intoxicated, demands a supervisor, refuses to consent to the tests and makes them explain why a basic equipment violation has suddenly become a DUI investigation. >> But I just want to make sure I record too if you're going to make me step out. >> I haven't I haven't had anything to drink. I've told you three times I don't have anything to drink. I want to check my eyes are glassy. You want to check my what? >> I want to check your eyes real quick. Make sure it's safe. >> You want to check my eyes? Okay. Yes, sir. >> Checking my eyes. All right, let me out. You're You're impeding Open the door. You're >> Well, you're impeding me. I >> Sir, open up the door. >> I'm Take your hand off my car. >> Open up the door. >> I'm going to take your hand off my car, >> sir. Open up the door. >> Right here. Just You can set your phone there. You can record all you want. >> I'm recording. I'm not putting my phone down. >> Okay. How much Have you had anything to drink tonight? You've asked me three times. I've told you no every time. >> Okay. >> There's no reason for you to be upset. I'm just trying to make >> There's no reason for me to be upset. What are you talking about? >> I'm trying to make sure the streets are safe. All right. >> They're fine. >> Okay. >> They're not safe because you're around. You're pulling people over for no reason. This isn't safe. Look, you're blocking. You don't have lights on. >> All right. Well, write me a ticket. Do your job. You're blocking the >> Are you on any medication? >> I'm not telling you. >> What's that? >> Do you have anything physical? >> I'm not speaking anymore. >> Do you have anything physically or medically wrong with you? >> Lawyer. >> Lawyer. You're not under arrest right now. There's no reason for >> And I have the right to remain silent. So >> you're not under arrest. So your marine rights don't apply. >> But I still have the right to remain silent, right? >> You can choose whatever you want. Are you on my medication? >> Supervisor. >> Okay. Okay. >> Get your supervisor. >> That's fine. Oh. >> What's your name and badge number? >> One thing at a time. >> What's your name and badge number? >> Daily 354. >> Get your supervisor out here. Write me a ticket for the lights. I told you I just traded it. First time I've driven it. I'll correct it by the time we go to court. >> Tell me about my glossy eyes. Your eyes are glossy, too. You've been drinking. >> Okay. >> How many drinks have you had tonight? >> What uh dealer are you? >> How many drinks have you had tonight? >> What dealer do you want? >> How many drinks have you had tonight? >> What dealer? >> How many drinks have you had tonight? >> Your eyes are glossing. >> Okay. What dealer? >> I don't trust you. I don't believe you. Get your supervisor. I think you've been drinking. >> My supervisor on the way. >> All right. I think you've been drinking. >> There's no reason to cause a scene out here. >> I'm not causing a scene. You're the one driving to make sure it's safe for you to drive. >> I'm not going to see it. It is safe for me to drive. If you want me to park it because my lights aren't on, I didn't know that. >> I just traded the car in. I'm a dealer. >> I understand. >> I'm Oh, another one. Here we go. Why are your eyes closed? Have you been drinking? >> What medications are you on? >> What medications are you on? >> What What deal are you running from? >> I told you I'm not answering any more questions. I'm not speaking. >> Okay. Well, you is it on the back of the bag? >> I'll answer your supervisor. Name and badge number. >> Officer Golia. >> Okay. Why are you here? >> I'm here to assist an officer. >> In what? Harassing me. >> How many How many does it take to harass? >> You confiscating my tag? >> Great. >> Have you had anything to drink tonight, sir? >> No. >> Any drugs, alcohol, anything? >> No. Oh, your eyes look glossy. Just want to make sure. Can you get your supervisor out here, please? >> Yeah, he's off. >> All right, cool. Got any weapons on you other than your uh regular acquired weapons? Anything I need to know about? >> Why are you asking me these questions? >> Why am I standing out in the cold when I'm just traveling down the highway or the street? >> I just got here. I don't know. >> Yeah, well, you're you're backing him up and maybe ask him why I'm out here. I don't know why why am I being the way I'm being. I mean, this is not this is not a friendly environment. So, >> what's not friendly, though? >> Uh, I'm freezing cold. I was forced to get out of my car. My license plate has been confiscated. >> He said he's just checking the registration. >> He asked me four times if I've been drinking. I told him no. Every time he tells me my eyes are glossy and that I he thinks I'm on drugs. What the I've been working all day. I just put in a 15 hour day and I'm going to pick up my girlfriend. Okay. All right. >> So, you want to know why I'm in a bad mood? Why I'm being like this? Look around. >> I'm done. >> Look around. >> Yeah. I don't know why I >> Look around. Look around. Yeah. Check the van. Maybe it's a stolen car. You're going to get me on something eventually. How many times do I have to say that I haven't had anything to drink? Why does he keep asking me the same question? >> I'm not. I would not. >> Okay, but you want to know why I'm acting this way. So, I'm telling you >> why you're being rude. Hey, I don't >> Well, you're here with him. So, Yoki by association. He's a So, I'm assuming you're too. >> What did I do wrong? If I ask you something, >> you got me standing in the freezing cold. I'm I worked a 15 hour day. I'm trying to go pick up my girlfriend and you're asking me four times if you if I've been drinking. You You want me to say yes? Obviously, I had an iced tea and a Gatorade. So, yeah, I've been drinking, man. Crazy. When's the supervisor getting here? >> Can I get back in the car? I'm freezing. Whatever the officer in charge of the stop. >> Yeah, of course. >> You said you got the car today. >> What? >> You said you got the car today. >> Checked your camera. I said I haven't had any drink four times and I said I got the car today on a trade in. I You know how many times I need to repeat myself? >> I'm just clarifying, making sure. >> Well, let's get the supervisor out here. I don't want to stay on the way. I'm freezing. Why Why am I here? Why am I standing in the cold still? >> I'd like to check your eyes real quick and make sure it's safe for you to be driving. >> Look at my eyes. You've already checked them. How many times you need to check them? >> Look at your eyes. Your eyes are glossy. >> It's freezing. My eyes are watering. >> Do you mind putting your foot in on the hood of my car so I can look at your eyes real quick? Now, >> you can have sent up. >> I don't give a camera there. He's got >> I don't care. Yeah. And And how am I going to get that footage? A foyer request. Yeah. I foyer requested from DMV and they still haven't sent me. And they sent me the wrong video. You're not going to give me You're not going to give me the video. >> If you foyer, you can. >> Yeah. Right. Yeah. All right. I don't need it for you. I got my own phone. >> Okay. That's fine. Can you stand right there? >> No, I'm not. I'm not doing a sobriety test. >> I can't check your eyes real quick. Make sure it's driving. >> Get out of here, >> sir. I'm just >> You're not checking my eyes. You look at my eyes right now. Look at my eyes. You can see my eyes. Can you see my eyes? >> I can see. >> And what do my eyes tell you? >> I want to do >> You pulled me over because I don't have any lights. That has nothing to do with anybody drinking and driving. >> Correct. >> You're trying to put a charge on me. >> I'm not trying to put a charge on. >> Yeah, you are. I You asked me four times if I had anything to drink. >> Okay, sir. >> I had tea. Can you read that? I had an ice. I don't what that says. >> I'm on the traffic safety. So what I do I don't care. I wasn't swerving. Was I swerving? >> Listen to me. >> What makes you think I'm drunk? I >> What makes you think I'm drunk? >> Nobody said you were drunk. >> Why do you keep asking about my eyes? It's cold. My eyes are white. >> Glassy eyes. >> Yeah, I've been working. Sign of intoxication. >> Oh you. I've been working for 15 hours staring at a computer screen. That's a sign of red eyes. Come on, man. >> That's why I want to check your eyes and make sure that you're good to be >> You're looking at them. What else you need to check? >> Do a test real quick on your eyes. >> No, you're not capping me. I'm cold. I want to get back in my car and go get supervisor out here. >> He's on the way. >> Get him out here now. >> He's on the way. I just want to check your eyes and then you'll be good to go. >> What do you mean you want to check my eyes? You're looking at him. Look how close you are to me. >> Test on your eyes. >> Look how close gay is the status test. >> You're not doing Check your eyes. >> You pulled me because I don't have any lights on my back. What has that got to do? Was I swerving? >> What makes you think I'm intoxic? >> Sir, I was behind you for a block and a half. >> Yeah, I know. I saw you. I saw you come around and do you did a U-turn. You did a U-turn before you even saw the back of my car. You were coming at me. You did a U-turn behind me. How did you know my lights were off? Why would you do a U-turn? I wasn't swerving. Was I doing anything? Did you see my eyes from inside the car as you were doing a U-turn? You saw my bloodshot eyes, >> man. Just stand up on the curb for me. >> Okay. Leave that car. >> Which one? >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> See, this is joke, man. I just want to check your eyes real quick. I can >> You're out of here. >> You're checking them. >> Can I do a series of passes to make sure? >> You can't do anything. You can't do anything. Okay. >> Are you on any medication? >> You have your medical you. >> Well, I don't know why you're acting like that. >> Because I'm cold. I want to go pick up my girlfriend. She's waiting for me. >> Okay. I'm trying to make sure the streets are safe. >> Well, how are they unsafe? >> I'm trying to make sure that you're not intoxicated. >> You >> What did I do to deserve that? >> What did you do? How long we've been here? How long have we been here? >> Sir, you're the one that's prolonging this. If I can and get you on your way, then we can get you >> I'm not pronging. >> Okay. >> Look at my eyes. Do you see them? >> Do you know what's your highest level education? >> What does that matter? What's yours? >> I'm asking you a question. What's your highest level education? >> I dropped out of kindergarten. >> Okay. Do you know the alphabet? >> Nope. >> No, you don't. >> No, I don't. >> Okay. >> I don't know the alphabet. Do you know the alphabet? >> You have any problem? Yeah, I do. >> Do you know the alphabet? Okay. Tell me. Stand on one foot and tell me the alphabet. >> Do you have any problems walking? Have you been drinking tonight? >> I have not. >> You seem like you're intoxicated. Your eyes are glossy. >> Okay. >> You look like you haven't slept in days. Okay. >> Are you on right now? >> Do you have any problems walking? >> Will you do a walking test for me? >> Well, I'm freezing, so my feet are numb. So, maybe I do. >> Okay. >> Let's go to the hospital. >> Let's do a blood test. Come on. Let's go do a blood test. >> That's an option. >> Yeah, let's go do a blood test. >> Come on, let's go do a blood test. >> I'll call my girlfriend. I'll say I can't come pick you up. She's been drinking. She wants me to go pick her up. But I can't go pick up somebody and get them to safety because you want to take me to the hospital and do a blood test. I told you I didn't have any drinks today. I haven't had >> to do some field test right here. >> I don't care what you want to do. >> That's it. >> You don't have the right to do that. >> I don't. >> No. >> Okay. I'm asking you to >> I don't care. I'm not I'm not consenting. >> Okay. >> I don't consent. >> That's fine. >> Okay. So, Mexican standoff. Well waiting on my supervisor to come to talk to you. >> So I'm not free to go until until you do a test. >> I'm free to go right now. >> All right. What am I being detained for? >> Uh right now I'm writing you some tickets. >> Right now? What? >> I'm writing you some tickets. >> No, you're not. You haven't been writing me a ticket for 10 minutes. You haven't written a ticket. >> Well, I'm not right now. >> You're not trying. >> You're trying to get me in trouble for something I didn't do. >> This joke, man. Is this how you guys do it? This is how you act every day. This guy's a idiot. I don't >> I don't I don't You agree? You agree with what he's doing? Yes or no? >> I'm not I haven't been here the whole time, sir. I don't know what's going on. >> The time you've been here, do you agree with what he's doing? >> What is he doing that you don't? >> He's detaining me and asking me all these >> If it was a regular traffic stop, you're detained anyway. >> Yeah, but not for him to stand here and ask me to do a sobriety test for 10 minutes. Do you think I'm drunk? You think I'm intoxicated? >> Your professional opinion. I want to know, >> sir. I'm not going to answer. >> Just give me your professional opinion. I'm not going to answer that question. >> Yeah, you don't want to answer it cuz you know I'm not >> I don't want to go. >> You're protecting this. >> You know he's being a >> Thank you're cop. I >> I wasn't in the beginning. I was very nice. Now he's pulled me out of the car. He's accusing me of being on drugs and being intoxicated. 0%. I've been working for 15 hours today. I'm trying to make money. I'm trying to go pick up my girlfriend. and her friends are in town and they're having a great time and now they're up. He's trying to make the road safe by blocking in this girl. You got the whole place blocked up. That's uped up, man. Up. >> Are you the supervisor? No, >> I can't hear you. >> I'll be with you. >> I'm freezing. I've been out here for 10 minutes. Can I go in my car? >> No. >> Joe, you guys are Joe. You're not. You actually been cool. You're just standing there backing him up. This guy's a This guy's says my he my tail lights are out. He did a U-turn to come follow me. If I'm heading towards him, how can he see my tail lights are out? >> What can I help you with? >> Well, I've been standing here for 15 minutes. I'm freezing cold. He keeps asking me if I had anything to drink. I say, "No, I haven't had anything to drink." Four times he keeps trying to say, "I want to check your eyes." Look at my eyes. Go ahead. He wants to do a sobriety test. No. He said he pulled me over from my tail. He was coming at me. He did a U-turn behind me. Why would he do a U-turn behind me if he can't even see my tail lights? Then he tries to say he's trying to keep the roads safe. I'm intoxicated. I've been working for 15 hours. I just got off work. I'm going to pick up my girlfriend from the Cavalier. She had a couple of drinks. Doesn't want to drive. Cool. I'll come get you, baby. I'm on my way to the Cavaliere to go pick her up and bring her home now. 15 minutes. She's standing in the cold. I'm standing in the cold. He's telling me I'm trying to write you a ticket. Well, go write me a ticket. 15 minutes in the cold. >> All right. >> What's going on? He's just trying to do his job. >> Why did he pull me over? >> He told you your lights. >> He was face. He was coming at me and did a U-turn. >> He didn't see He didn't see my tail lights. >> Well, were your lights on? >> My headlights. >> Were your lights on? >> My headlights are on. I just >> Are your tail lights on? >> I don't know. I just traded this car in. >> So, how do you know if he saw me? >> Because he he spun around before I even passed him. He was pulling me over before I even passed him >> and then he followed me and pulled me over. Yeah, he saw my my tail. I didn't know that. >> He had a legal reason to pull you over. >> Of course he did. But why 15 minutes does he want to say I'm drunk and say I'm intoxicated and say my eyes are glossy. Everyone's eyes are glossy. It's freezing. My eyes are watering. >> His eyes are glossy. >> Okay. He's just doing his job. >> Okay. Well, go. He can go in his car and write a ticket. He doesn't have to stand here for 10 minutes and berate me and say he's trying to keep the road safe. >> Said you didn't want to do anything until I got here. And I'm sorry. I >> didn't say Wait, wait. Repeat that. Can you repeat that? >> He said you didn't want to do anything until >> I didn't want to do anything. >> Are you going to let me talk? >> Well, I can't hear you. He said he didn't want to or I would. I didn't want to. >> He said you wouldn't do anything until a supervisor came here. So now I'm here. >> I wouldn't do anything until a supervisor. Or he would. >> That's what I was told. Yes. >> What are you talking about? I don't have authority here to do anything. What are you talking about? I called the shots now. >> I called you listening. >> I called us. I am listening. I called us. I asked for a supervisor because he asked me four times if I've been drinking. I said, "Stop asking me the same question. I've already answered it." Then he starts asking me the same questions over and over again. And I said, "I I have not been drinking. I've been working for 15 hours. I'm staring at the computer. Maybe that's why my eyes are glossy. >> Okay, >> I'm working. >> Well, he's just trying to do his job. >> Yeah, but when you ask four times and I say no every time, >> people lie to us all the time. >> Okay, well then do then I said take me to the hospital and do a blood test. He said, well, we can do that. >> So what why why for 10 minutes is he going to assume I'm lying? I mean, for an hour, 2 hours? Yeah, people lie to you all the time. So hold me for 10 days cuz you think I'm lying. I mean, come on. At what point does it stop? At what point does it stop? >> He's writing me a ticket. Yeah, but 10 minutes later I'm freezing. Why do I have to wait in the cool for 10 minutes for him to say, "I'm doing a test on you. I'm doing a test on you." No, you're not. You're not doing to me. My tail lights are out. I just traded the car in today. I'm a dealer. >> I didn't know they were out. This is the first time I've turned on the headlights. >> So, my fault. I'll get them fixed. I'll go to court with the with the receipt and the judge will probably let it go. He could have just given me a warning, but he wants to he wants to give me a DUI. He wants to arrest me. He wants you guys. >> It's not necessarily what he wants. >> He's escalating. >> He's trying to do his job. What's his job? >> His job specifically? >> Yeah. >> He's a traffic safety officer. >> Okay. What was What was I doing unsafe other than lights? >> Okay. Well, he pulls you up because your lights aren't on. >> Yeah. >> And then your eyes are glassy. >> Are my eyes >> this time of night in this area where we get numerous DUIs? >> Okay. >> He's going to question me. >> But I wasn't swerving. And he questioned me four times and I said no. Four times. >> At what point does he let me does he say, "Okay, maybe he's telling the truth. >> I'm not I'm not I wasn't swerving. I'm not swaying. Do you think I'm drunk? >> In your professional opinion, am I drunk? >> I have no idea. I'm not even close to you. I'm not even smelling you. >> He didn't smell me either. >> In your professional opinion, am I intoxicated? >> I have no idea. >> Your opinion. He has no idea either. >> Do you want to do some field? >> No, I don't want to do it. Why do you want to do some? Have you been drinking? Are you on? Have you? >> Well, I don't know. That's That's >> Maybe I'll call internal affairs. That's a little >> cops lie all the time. I mean, you're Let's play the same game. Three cops for nothing. For nothing. Joe. >> I was following. >> Yeah, because he was wanted me here. >> Because he was being a >> He was being a >> That's why I wanted you here. >> He's just doing his job. >> He's not doing his job. Write me a ticket for the lights. Don't >> 15 minutes later. What about earlier? I'm standing in the cold freezing. My girlfriend's waiting at the Cavalere. >> She needs a ride. She's probably in danger now. >> Okay. So, you're your lights aren't on. You're in an area where we get lots of DUI. Are you going to listen to me? Just let me talk. >> We've already you're you're repeating what's already been established. >> I'm I can't talk. >> You have nothing to say. >> I have lots to say, but you don't want to listen. >> Finish. >> I'm done. >> I'll give you 10 seconds to finish. Yeah, cuz you have nothing to say. >> You're not running the show. >> You're obviously. >> Speak your mind. Tell me. >> Tell me what you want to say. You're done. Yeah. Cuz you have nothing to say. Well, cuz he won't let me call. >> Talk. >> No, you're going to get talk over. >> I I promise you I won't talk. I'll give you 3 minutes. >> Cuz you're not saying anything. Go ahead. You have permission to talk, man. Cavaliers closed. You got three young ladies in in dresses out there. They're probably getting harassed. They're probably freezing. They're in danger. Can you have Can you have Can you radio police to go to the cavalere and make sure these girls are okay? >> Do you want to talk now? >> No, I'm done. >> Yeah. Great supervisor. Great job. >> Talk. >> Talk to him. >> Well, I'm giving you opport I'm giving you opportunity. You keep on saying I'm interrupting you because you have nothing to say. Talk. I'm going to be quiet for 10 seconds and let you talk. >> It's going to take >> I'll I'll 10 minutes. I'll give you 10 minutes. >> You got the floor. 10 minutes. >> I try to tell you that he pulled you over for a legal reason. Okay. You're in an area where we have numerous drunk drivers. Your eyes are glass. So, he's going to ask questions. That's his job. That's all he's doing. You said you didn't want to do anything until I got here. You requested me here and I came from like the 800 block of Shore Drive. So now I'm here. Be driving. You're going to be leaving. Does that answer all your questions? >> That was that was what was so important for you to tell me when I was interrupting you. Great speech. Great speech. Stellar job. Stellar job. You know I'm going to get these fixed >> and I'm going to go to the court and the judge is going to dismiss it, right? So why are you wasting everybody time? >> I know why. They want me to act up so they can arrest me. They want to get some charges against me, right? Am I right? They want to escalate. >> I know, right? Obviously, they don't want to escalate. Just take one breath. You're going to be on your way soon. >> In the first 5 minutes, I was taking a deep breath. I was being calm. Now I'm standing outside for 15 minutes. I'm supposed to get angry. >> You're supposed to get angry. >> Yeah, I am. 15 minutes in the cold, 20 minutes in the cold, 22 minutes in the cold >> for taillights. >> I mean, I think cursing at a bunch of bro and baggies is a little escalating. I mean, would you like it if someone came to your job and started cursing you out? >> I wouldn't give them reason to. >> You never know. What if they just felt that you were disrespect? >> What if if you say what if whatever's behind it is a false is false. >> What if they felt that you were disrespecting them and then they they just start cussing you out? Then I kick him out. I tell him to get my property. >> Hey sir, so I'll offer you one more thing. All right. It's called the preliminary breath test. >> What? >> All right. So it's it's a portable breathalyzer. >> I'm not doing it. >> I'm not doing it. >> I'm not doing it. You have no reason. >> I'm just asking if you want and I'm telling you no. >> Okay, that's fine. >> Put my tag back. Give me my ID. Give me my ticket. Get away from me. He's still trying to get me on a DUI. Is this Is this what you guys do? >> He can offer it to you. There's nothing wrong with offer. >> I told him I've told him at least 10 times. I'm not doing any tests. I'm not I haven't had one drink probably in 6 days. I haven't had a drink. Keep trying. It's not going to work. This is how for 20 minutes you're going to keep asking me until I say yes. Until you find a reason to arrest me. >> Sir, it's the last thing that I have to offer you because I was offering everything else. So, >> you don't need to offer me anything. >> There's your license. >> I don't want anything from you. >> Okay. I am issuing a summon for uh not having your lights. Uh >> I don't care. Tell me where to sign. >> Sign right there. It's signed mission. I'm going to fix it and go to court and the judge is going to dismiss it. >> What a waste of time. What a waste of time. >> There signed a mission to guilt. Just promised to appear in court on January 11, 2023 11:00. Trap court. You can prepaid if you'd like. There's instructions on the back here. Copy. >> Stop talking. I don't need to hear anything from you anymore. We'll go to court. I'll see you in court. What's your name and badge number? >> Arthur Schultz 2176. >> What a joke this says. Am I free to go? You >> ready to go? >> And this is where the encounter becomes important. A traffic stop for an equipment violation does not automatically give an officer unlimited authority to turn the encounter into a DUI investigation. Once an officer shifts from investigating the original traffic violation to investigating possible intoxication, there needs to be an objective basis for that additional detention and investigation. Under the Fourth Amendment, officers generally cannot prolong a traffic stop beyond the time reasonably required to handle the traffic matter without additional legal justification. Here, the officer repeatedly relied on the driver's glossy eyes, questioned him about alcohol again and again after receiving the same answer, attempted to get him to submit to eye and field sobriety testing, and eventually offered a preliminary breath test. But the driver kept asking the key question. What specific facts showed that he was intoxicated, being tired after a 15-hour workday, having watery or glossy eyes in freezing weather, and simply being in an area where DUI arrests occur are not automatically proof of impairment. The important lesson is that an officer's suspicion and an officer's legal justification are not the same thing. A traffic violation can justify the initial stop, but it does not by itself establish probable cause or reasonable suspicion of DUI. If an officer believes a driver is impaired, the officer should be able to point to specific, articulable facts supporting that suspicion, and conduct the investigation within the limits of the law. The driver did not have to turn a tail light violation into an admission of guilt. He challenged the repeated accusations, refused consent to the tests he did not want to perform, asked for a supervisor, and repeatedly demanded to know what evidence supported the DUI theory. After all that escalation, the encounter ultimately produced a traffic citation for the original equipment issue. That is exactly why knowing the difference between a legitimate traffic investigation and an expanded DUI investigation matters. Officers still have to connect their actions to a lawful basis rather than simply keep pushing until a driver gives them something they can