On November 12th, 2022, Arkansas State Police started hunting for a group of suspected street racers after multiple callers reported vehicles blocking interstate traffic in Little Rock. One driver decided that stopping for troopers was apparently less appealing than turning Arkansas highways into a late night audition for a racing video game. Traffic is thick right now. 437 about 80. I'll be calling back. Going primary secondary. thought here. Left on shot. Uh, just hit him in the back. Stand by. We got him right here at shot again. Stand by. Hit him again. Uh, we are wrecked right here at shot. on the ground. On the ground, [screaming] >> passenger in the window, passenger, >> hands up, passenger, hands up. >> Let us see it. >> Keep them hands up. Look here. >> Open. Hey, unlock the door. >> Unlock the door. >> Lock the door. Unlock. >> Unlock the door. Show me your hand. >> Unlock the door. Come out. >> Let's go. [screaming] >> [screaming] >> 105 one time about to be 105. >> By the time the chaos finally ended, troopers had the suspects surrounded and taken into custody without further resistance. The driver now faced the aftermath of a pursuit tied to reckless driving allegations fleeing law enforcement and street racing activity that drew statewide attention. Wednesday, March 20th, 2024 started with deputies trying to stop a blue Suzuki Hayabusa motorcycle in Selen County shortly after midnight. The rider initially cruised along calmly before deciding that tripledigit speeds and construction zones were somehow the better option once Arkansas State Police joined in. Speed about 135 light traffic. Coming up on the eight passing speeds about 130 You'll be able to fast today. Taking a left. Let me see your hand. >> Get your hand. >> Hang on. We got to pick the bike up. No. Take off. Take off. that goddamn siren on >> sir. Yes, sir. >> Sit up. >> Yes, sir. The pursuit finally ended after troopers physically stopped the rider who was identified as Edward Davis and recognized from a previous chase involving a black truck. Davis was turned over to the Saline County Sheriff's Office and faced charges connected to fleeing law enforcement, reckless driving, and operating the motorcycle while suspended. On May 27th, 2023 officers learned that a reportedly stolen Chevy Silverado was blasting down Interstate 430 at speeds topping 100 mph. The driver treated highway shoulders like bonus lanes while multiple agencies scrambled to catch up before somebody innocent got caught in the middle of it. 33 primary secondary. I'll be calling it 33 just to pick a good spot. You got traffic cleared up around you. We got a pit of the 114. You got to hit the 14. Open your door. Keep your hands up. Open your door. Keep your hands up. >> Open the [ __ ] door. >> Open your door. >> Come right here, Freeman. >> I'm not snowballing. I'll take it. >> Open your door. >> Get out and keep your hands up. >> I'll go hands on. >> Get out. Keep your hands up. >> Hey, is anybody else in that truck? >> I can't. I can't see. Give me your hand. Give me your hand. >> Get on your stomach. >> Move over. Get on your stomach. >> I'm on my stomach. On my stomach. >> Put your hands out now. >> I'm on my stomach. They cleared the truck >> here. Is he uh spiked out? >> We have got spike out. >> Where was Come over here. >> Y'all going to kill me? >> What? Are y'all going to kill me? >> No. >> Good job, dude. >> Appreciate you. After the truck slammed into the concrete barrier and finally stopped, officers pulled Timothy Parker from the wrecked Silverado and placed him under arrest. Parker was later taken to Arkansas Heart Hospital for medical clearance before heading to the Saline County Jail on charges connected to vehicle theft fleeing and reckless driving. June 9th, 2022 turned into a nightmare traffic stop when officers encountered a heavily impaired woman suspected of driving after consuming what was reportedly around two and a half bottles of whiskey. Instead of cooperating, she made the baffling decision to turn a drunken driving investigation into a full pursuit. 3780. I'm going 808. >> Get out of the car. You all right? What's going on? >> Lock the door. >> Step out for me. >> What's going on? >> Are you drinking or something? Take your glasses off for me. Take your glasses off for me. >> What's going on? You're all over the road. >> Sorry. Just tired. >> You're just tired? You been drinking or something? Did you take something? No. >> No. >> Okay. >> Why don't you stop? >> Sorry. I'm tired. I'm just trying to get to >> Okay. Serious. Something seriously wrong because you were all over the road. I had to pitch you. You're going to hurt somebody. Hey, what's your name? >> Holly. >> Who's Olivia? Can I ask my daughter? >> Sorry. >> My daughter. >> Okay. How old is she? >> 17. >> I need you to be honest with me. Okay. How much you had to drink today? >> Not much. >> You need to tell me. >> I had a drink, but I haven't had that much. >> What kind of medication did you take? What kind of narcotics did you take? >> Nothing. As long as as my anti-depressants. >> Anti-depressants. I'm sorry. Once officers finally took her into custody, the driver appeared emotional and severely intoxicated as the reality of the situation settled in. She was left facing charges tied to driving while intoxicated, fleeing law enforcement and reckless driving after transforming a routine stop into a dangerous public risk. On October 24th, 2024, Arkansas State Police agents tracked down a wanted four-wheel drive truck while waiting for a marked unit to initiate a stop near Highway 71. The driver responded by treating the roadway like an escape route, forcing troopers into a fastmoving takedown that quickly spiraled out of control. All right, Schwab, all yours. >> All right, you got all the information I have sent to you. 1037 southbound. Greenland complexes here on Greenland. I've got Greenland and Cait. coming back out to 71. Traffic's medium line 71. >> Hey [ __ ] TBI roll over 216. >> Hey, show me your hands. Show me your hands. [screaming] Hands. Show me your hands now. On the ground. On it. On it. Get out. On the ground. Get the out of the window. You got him. >> Hey, go grab him real quick. >> Go put handcuffs on him. Who else is in the car besides you, too? >> Why is this happening? Why is this happening? I didn't want you to do that. Get off. I can't. I can't get off. Now get out on it >> on the ground. >> Yes, sir. I didn't do anything. >> Who else is in the car? >> Sir, I didn't do anything. I promise. >> Is there anybody else in it? >> Calm down. I ain't done [ __ ] >> I'm going to pull your head off. >> Yes, sir. Sir, I didn't I didn't do that. >> Put your hands behind your back. Right. >> Sir, I didn't do that. >> Put you just keep your hands right there. I will >> put that seat up. Anybody in there? >> Yeah, girl. >> Oh, God. The overturned truck eventually left three people in custody while officers worked to secure the chaotic scene near the airport. Investigators later sorted through the aftermath as the suspects faced allegations connected to fleeing law enforcement and related offenses tied to the attempted escape. October 30th, 2022 became a brutal reminder of how dangerous drunk driving can get after a driver slammed into a wall with his wife still inside the vehicle. Troopers immediately suspected heavy intoxication when the man admitted he had been drinking during a road trip from Mississippi. Wheel real soon. Hold on. >> Is that the extent of the injury? >> I don't know. She She's pointing at her stomach a minute ago. >> Is it just her in the car? >> Yeah, man. She's accident. She's passing. Who's she driving? What happened, sir? >> Sleepy. >> Sleepy. >> Where you coming from? >> Oh, yeah. Coming from Little Rock. Where you going? >> Greenville. >> Greenville. You got anything to drink? You had anything to drink? >> Yeah. >> How much have you had? >> A lot. >> I can tell you're a little uneasy. >> How much have you had to drink? >> Thank y'all. Thank y'all for stop. >> Huh? >> You don't know. >> I appreciate we appreciate y'all stopping. Come on over here for me. Go ahead and just put your hands on the car. I don't want you to fall over. >> All right, bud. I want you to blow as hard as you can to this. Okay. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. Blow. There you go. All right, bud. Put your hands on. Face my car for me. Okay. Well, you wearing your seat belt. >> Yeah. >> You wear it. >> How much have you What all did you drain? >> What all did you drag? >> Just a little too much. >> Maybe. >> All right, bud. Come on. >> Good luck. You didn't kill nobody, man. >> Yeah, go. You got anything on you, bud? Good. >> Yes. >> Yes. >> 25. >> No, not quite. >> Oh my goodness. >> All right. >> Damn near. I bet he's still going up. >> Yeah. >> I I can tell that. >> I might do the urine samp. I'm not sure if I paw the only thing. >> Yeah, >> honestly. >> Yeah. You see the size up? My god. Like >> we got the scene and I was like he wasn't following Kamala. Yeah. >> Soon as I saw him. >> Yeah. So I saw him wobbly. I was like >> if not alcohol something. Yeah. >> She wasn't wearing a seat. Well, is that from She hit her head. >> I don't know the car back. >> Oh yeah. >> So she Did they just hit this one side >> and then Yeah. SP >> it just kept spinning >> and then it slid >> it slid >> okay. >> The driver later blew a blood alcohol concentration reportedly around 0.15 nearly double Arkansas's legal limit before being transported to the hospital and then jail. Officers also worked to safely arrange care for his wife while he faced charges connected to driving while intoxicated and the violent crash. On November 2nd, 2023, a simple stop sign violation in Arkansas suddenly became much more suspicious when a driver identifying himself as Travis Smith could not be verified through dispatch records. Things got even stranger when the man sped away the moment a fingerprint scanner was mentioned. Hey, how's it going? I'm Trooper Holmes, Arkansas State Police. Reason why I pulled you over when you came off avenue, you went right through that that stop sign. You didn't stop in not one bit, bud. You have your license, registration, proof of insurance. You don't have it. You're just not paying attention. >> Yeah. >> It's okay. You just trying to go home. Look like you've been doing some fishing. >> No, we're on my way to fish. >> Oh, you're going you're on your way to fish. Okay. Here. Just write your first name, last name, and date of birth. Okay. >> Hey, sorry. Hey, do you have a fingerprint scanner? >> All right. I got a guy here. Um, I've been trying to run his name and he he ain't coming back. And I've already called dispatch and she can't find him either. I'm on Highway 7 and 335. >> Not yet. Roger that. Come back. Heat. Heat. very good. Copy. Come Show me your hands. Show me youring hands. Don't youing move. >> TVI. TBI. >> Step out. Get on your face. Get on your face. Heads out like an airplane. Stay just like that. Do you understand me? If you move, I will shoot you. Do you understand me? >> Yes, sir. >> Cross your feet with your right hand. Put in the small of your back. Your right hand. That's your left hand. You stay right there. You understand me? >> Yes, sir. >> No, you keep keep going. >> Okay, ma'am. >> Why you running? >> I'm scared. Hand me your left hand. >> You just called a felony, brother. Troopers eventually identified the driver as Travis Lee Hall after forcing the fleeing Kia to a stop and taking him into custody. Hall was booked on charges including felony fleeing obstruction of governmental operations, speeding more than 15 over the limit in possession of a controlled substance [music] after officers discovered marijuana in his pocket. May 11th, 2023 featured another Arkansas pursuit where a suspect refused to stop and dragged troopers onto dusty rural back roads and rough off-road terrain. The driver pushed deeper into the countryside while Arkansas State Police stayed glued to the chase despite the dangerous conditions. the out of that truck now. Hey, [screaming] hands up, [ __ ] Hands up. Hands up. 37 Highway on the map F150 got tissues tag White truck. [screaming] >> Pull it over now. This is the Arkansas State Police. Pull that truck over now. [screaming] >> All right, if you can copy, we're on Highway 282 coming [screaming] up on 60. 42 [screaming] [screaming] >> pull it over. Pull it over. Get your hands. >> Sorry, I missed that. >> 25. What's your speed on traffic? Please try again. by pressing the voice button on the steering wheel. 2 6 558 launch. After officers finally cornered the suspect and made the arrest, The reckless escape attempt came to an abrupt end without further violence. Investigators later tied the incident to drugrelated behavior while the suspect faced charges connected to fleeing and reckless driving. On May 27th, 2023, local police chased a fleeing pickup truck driver before Arkansas State Police stepped in to take control of the pursuit. The suspect kept weaving through traffic and refusing to stop turning highways into a rolling hazard for everyone nearby. Heat. Heat. All right. Sorry guys. Yeah, we're heading engine 063 unit county collided with collided with a vehicle with another unit. I'm not sure where it is. Yeah, we're on the 1600 block right here. Very low. Arrive on secondary road. arrived, man. Get us a 106 started. Keep your hands where you can see him. Get on the ground. Get on the ground. >> He's out. >> He's out. Get on the ground. On the ground. >> Put your hand behind your back now. Put your hand behind your back. Behind your back. >> Stop resisting. >> Have them get medical this way. >> We did 28 on >> Stop the camera. The chase finally came to an end after the truck rolled over during the intervention, leaving officers scrambling to secure the wrecked vehicle and arrest the driver. The suspect was taken into custody and later faced charges related to fleeing law enforcement, reckless driving, and the dangerous pursuit. May 10th, 2023 started with a motorcycle rider blasting through a 40 mph zone at roughly 70 mph before refusing to stop for an Arkansas State Police trooper. The situation escalated fast when the rider swerved into oncoming lanes and eventually collided with the patrol vehicle during the escape attempt. the uh dollar of the O'Reillies Arkansas 381 full Young 381 BY on a dark motorcycle. [music] Six. He's taking out tire speeds about 60. It doesn't have any acceleration on it. >> [music] >> We're downtown. Oncoming traffic. What is your location? >> We're about to be on Still. 92. >> Hey, let me see your hand. >> Get on your back. >> Get on your back. Get on your stomach. Help. Get on your stomach. >> Get on your stomach. Get on your stomach. Help. If you don't get on, >> if you don't get on your >> If you don't get it all, please. >> If you don't get on your stomach, I'll tase you. >> Okay, fine. >> Get on. >> Lay on your stomach. >> I'm about to tase you. If you don't >> If you lay on your stomach, I can get it off. >> I can't get it off. >> Lay on your stomach. >> It hurts. Well, you have freaking bro. Get the [ __ ] off. >> Get on your stomach so I can get it off. >> I can't get it off my head. >> You want to make sure you're hanging? >> Yeah, I got >> All right. Put your test on something. Okay. That's why stop. >> He tried to kill me. He knocked me off the bike. >> The motorcycle, bro. He just tried to kill me, >> man. Make sure you pull that out, please. They got to murder me, dog. >> I'll tell you the problems I'm having, dog. The cops already want me. Please, dude. Please, brother. Please. >> After a violent struggle on foot, troopers finally secured the suspect following three separate taser deployments, and the discovery of a knife on his belt. The rider was hit with a mountain of charges, including felony fleeing, resisting arrest, possession of controlled substances, reckless driving, and driving on a suspended license. Friday, May 3rd, 2024, police in West Memphis responded to an armed bank robbery after a suspect allegedly fled with tracked stolen cash in a damaged black sedan. Arkansas State Police quickly joined the hunt as the driver tore down Interstate 55 at speeds exceeding 100 mph. Am I staying with it? >> Stay with it. If we get to where we can't have maintain radio contact with you, you have to swap over to your phone and call dispatch. Stay with me. I'm staying with you. Just let me confirm there was a weapon used in this robbery. Correct. >> I'm not sure if there's a weapon on it. Maybe on the bridge. >> Was there a weapon used in this robbery? >> Continue with it. No further notice. Contact West Memphis. See if you can find out if there's a weapon involved or whether this just smash and grab. Careful 29, do you have a vehicle description? >> It's a black. We're crossing the bridge. We're going to be stopped behind the mountain. Watch. Get on the ground. Get on the ground. I'm going to shoot you. Get on the ground. Get on the ground. Get on the ground. Is there any outstanding suspect 780? He appears to be the driver >> 21 to a supervisor on scene. Is there any off Memphis is on the phone asking? >> Negative is just north. Okay. Thank you. One suspect whoever is on scene as well. So security museum couldn't get over there. So I'm going to go my way around. They going to come over here and work this fence. This is over here. Okay, good deal. The suspect identified as Freddy Nigil was eventually caught after ditching the stolen vehicle and sprinting away with cash literally falling out of his arms. Officers recovered both the money and a loaded Taurus pistol, while Najiel faced charges tied to armed robbery, vehicle theft, felony fleeing, and weapon offenses. On May 29th, 2023, a speeding Chevy Camaro driver nearly escaped Arkansas State Police after bolting from a stop that began over excessive speed. The driver gambled on outrunning troopers until a train crossing suddenly became the worst possible obstacle at the worst possible moment. 830 I'm talking down to the train. boy. Out of the car. stopped and took off. >> Okay. Road blocked by train. I see your hands. Put your hands right now. See your hands. >> Turn the car off now. I'm there. Drop your keys out the window. Don't do it. >> Going back up. >> Don't do it. >> Throw it out the window. >> Throw it over here. Out the window. On the highway. Throw it on the highway. Throw it over here. >> Driver with your hands. I want to see your hands. Driver, open your door. Hands up. Turn around. Face away from me. Step back. Hands up. Hands up. Step back some more. >> Cover. Get on your knees. Who else in the car? >> How many going? Ma'am, step out of the car. >> Hands up. >> Turn around. Turn around. Walk back to me. >> Stop. >> I know you weren't driving. I'm going to place you in temporary custody right now. Okay. river. >> All right. I want I want the road on your back, too. >> [cough] [clears throat] >> [ __ ] They just had me. They didn't even have me hands up there cuz they know me. They came from some other >> You was running from the state police. Congratulations. That's not a felon. >> Yeah. >> You run from me. >> You speaking like I'm the driver. Oh, never mind. Never mind. I'm sorry. >> What's wrong, man? I'm talking about >> I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I got you confused. >> Hold on. He's going to be a >> No, I just normally about three people in a car, man. >> They just said he a felony. He got a felony charge. >> This is [ __ ] bro. Once officers boxed the Camaro and Anthony Harmon Jr. and the passengers were detained while troopers sorted through firearms warrants and identification checks. Harmon was ultimately taken into custody as investigators continued examining additional charges connected to fleeing speeding and firearm possession. May 25th, 2023 turned ugly in Fagetville after a dark blue Hyundai Sonata flew through a busy interstate work zone at over 100 mph during rush hour traffic. The driver clipped a concrete barrier while trying to merge away from a traffic stop before launching into a disastrous attempt to escape. Oh, there she put 317 northbound at the passenger. Get your hands up now. his hands up. >> Yeah. Get on the ground. >> 3150. >> You okay? >> Okay. Clear the map. Is there anything in the car out? >> Yes, sir. There's a there's a gun that's not mine. Someone's trying to Someone's forcing me to do [ __ ] And I'm sorry that I'm trying to drive away. >> I'm not on drugs or anything. I' I've been homeless and I got into some [ __ ] that I didn't mean to be into. Someone threatened my life earlier and they told me if I don't deliver that gun that I was going to get shot. I was scared shitless. I shouldn't haveing ran from you. It's not my gun at all. That's not my car. That's my girl's car. And she just got on parole. I can't let her lose that car. >> Probably tough. >> I probably know that. But I just She didn't have no fight with it. This was all my dumb ass decisions. >> What were you shooting at? >> I didn't shoot anything. >> The gun's hot. >> I just spended my life. I haven't shot it at all. I promise. >> Where did the gun come from? >> Uh I don't know. The person that this person named David, a black dude, he lives in Chestnut Apartments, who pulled up with two different guns at FNN, which he pointed at my head. He told me I had delivered that one to a boy named Leon in Sycamore Apartments. >> How do you know these guys? >> Uh, I know David from homeless. I live in by the le by the lever woods in the woods. And he's one of the people who used to camp there as well. He used to trap out the [ __ ] And then one day I I found him at what they call [ __ ] by the chest of apartments and all this [ __ ] happens. >> So take this down. >> Yeah. He threatens my life. I I didn't know what to do. >> Were you supposed to take the dude? >> Sick of more apartments. >> Why? When? >> I was on the way to town. That's my >> Why are you going so fast? Are >> you so scared shitless? I didn't want to do it. I honestly wanted to get caught. I feel like I'm going to die. The violent crash left the Hyundai Airborne before it finally came to rest, destroyed in a ditch where officers arrested 20-year-old Nicholas Wood without further resistance. Wood was booked into the Washington County Jail on charges including felony fleeing reckless driving, causing physical injury, leaving the scene of a property damage crash, and driving without a license. May 23rd, 2023 featured a Ford Explorer driver weaving through residential streets while refusing to stop for Arkansas State Police. The suspect kept insisting he had done nothing wrong despite ending the pursuit practically in somebody's driveway. Slow rolling through the neighborhood. Now we're turning south on to Kinsaw. Turning on to Buckhead. L2 1037 north on P Street. Speeds 50. >> Turning on the Queens Chadwick. Turning on the Chadwood Driveway >> now. Galley on. Turn on G on coming up to Greenwich. >> It's just a blue temp. >> Yep. right here. >> Get on [screaming] the ground. >> Get on the ground. Get on the ground. >> Get on the ground. Get on the ground. >> I will tase you again. >> I'm sorry. I'm so sorry. >> Get on your stomach. >> Get on your stomach. >> Yeah. Yes, sir. Please. >> I'll hit you again. Get on your stomach. >> Please, I'm in. I was just trying to get back in my >> Okay. Okay. Put your hand behind your back. Yes, sir. >> Put your hand behind your back. >> Stop, man. >> Put your hands behind your back. Shut up. >> My grandpa. My grandpa. >> Shut up. Diabetic attack, man. >> Shut up. >> Can I check on it, please? >> Shut up. >> Can we check on it? >> You don't have an opportunity to talk right now. Hush your mouth. >> My grandpa. >> Hush your mouth. >> Yes, sir. Will you check on it? >> Hush your mouth. >> Okay, I'm hurting. >> I got to deal with one thing at a time, and I can't deal with you and check on your Shut up. >> Yes, sir. I'm sorry. Will you shut up? You're going to get him. >> Keep your hands behind your back. >> Yes, sir. I'm sorry. Please don't arrest me, sir. I wasn't trying to do anything. I was just trying to check on him. Please. Please, sir. >> You're speeding. address. >> After officers wrestled him into custody and deployed a taser during the arrest, the driver was finally secured in the back of a patrol unit. He later faced charges connected to fleeing law enforcement, resisting arrest, and reckless driving after turning a neighborhood into a late night pursuit route. On September 15th, 2024, Arkansas State Police launched after a fleeing white vehicle that refused to stop during a dangerous high-speed pursuit. The situation escalated instantly when the intervention sent the driver violently out of the vehicle during the crash sequence. Boy, I'm on public service. 35 23 23 107 Yeah. >> TVI TV love 35 65 being positive. Yo, show me your hands. Where are you? See your hands. See your hands. Crossfire, I'mma come to you. Hands out the window. >> Did you see anybody get out? >> All right. >> Ejection 104. on the ejection. >> Hey, we clear this vehicle real quick. Hey, stay point on him. >> Clear. >> Clear. 446. >> Hey man. Hey. You okay? >> Weapon. Where? Nice. >> Hey. >> Yeah. >> Hey, man. >> Hey. Hey. PV. >> All right. >> You okay, man? Can you talk to me? Can you talk to me? You okay? >> Talk to me. >> Say easy to be here soon. >> Hey. Hey, man. Hey, talk to me. Hey. >> Hey. >> You want PD out here? >> You want PD? >> Uh, I'm not sure. We probably work it ourselves. >> Troopers rushed to secure the scene and check on the injured suspect while emergency crews responded to the roadway. Investigators later worked through evidence collection and possible charges tied to felony fleeing reckless driving and the high-speed pursuit. June 1st, 2023 became pure chaos after Arkansas State Police pursued a fleeing car whose driver clearly had no intention of stopping peacefully. The suspect pushed the chase to the limit until the vehicle flipped and burst into flames right in front of pursuing troopers. Highway 300. Turning on Highway 300. Sorry guys. Heat. Heat. 105 on the map. Tell me where he is exactly. Excuse me. 300 1015 through start fire charge and catching on fire. dispatch and roll and fire >> you Negative. I've got >> Okay. >> 1517 out with your fire extinguisher. Clark. >> Okay, I'm on the radio now. The vehicle catching on fire now. We've got >> tried to duck off on me earlier, too. Stupid mother. Ah, >> sorry. I'm coming to you. >> I apologize, buddy. >> Shut up, dude. I need to go back. She needs >> you might by the hospital. We're just trying to decide whether autis Think they had drugs in there? >> Holy [ __ ] There was a bunch of uh stuff on the ground behind the car. >> I think I think that was a bomb. That's hot. >> Yeah. >> Officers rushed both occupants away from the burning wreck before taking the driver into custody at the scene. Investigators later confirmed the suspects were facing charges connected to fleeing law enforcement, reckless driving outstanding warrants, and additional offenses tied to an earlier incident that same day. Even after the handcuffs went on, this incident left behind plenty of questions and a crash scene nobody involved is likely to forget anytime soon. Click on the next video to see another pursuit where things spiraled out of control in seconds. Thanks for watching all the way through and subscribe for more real police chase breakdowns.